Peso al nacer en el noroeste argentino. Comparación con una referencia nacional y un estándar internacional / Birth weight in the Northwest region of Argentina. Comparison with a national reference and an international standard

Introducción. El tamaño al nacer se encuentra sujeto a influencias genéticas y ambientales; la altura geográfica es muy influyente. El peso al nacer (PN) es el indicador más utilizado para evaluarlo; existen diferentes estándares y referencias. Debido a la variabilidad de la distribución del PN en relación con la altura en la provincia de Jujuy (Argentina), este trabajo analiza la distribución percentilar del PN para tierras altas (TA) y tierras bajas (TB) jujeñas según edad gestacional (EG) y sexo, y su comparación con una referencia nacional y el estándar internacional INTERGROWTH-21st (IG-21). Población y métodos. Se analizaron los registros de 78 524 nacidos vivos en Jujuy en el período 20092014. Utilizando el método LMS, se estimaron los percentiles 3, 10, 50, 90 y 97 de PN/EG por sexo, para TA (≥2000 msnm), TB (<2000 msnm) y el total provincial, y se compararon gráficamente con la referencia poblacional argentina de Urquía y el estándar IG-21. La significación estadística se determinó mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon. Resultados. El PN en Jujuy presentó distribución heterogénea, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p <0,05) entre TB y TA. Al comparar con la referencia nacional y el estándar IG-21, se observaron diferencias por altitud, principalmente en los percentiles 90 y 97 para ambas regiones, y en los percentiles 3 y 10 en TA comparados con el estándar. Conclusiones. Se observó variabilidad de la distribución del PN asociada a la altura geográfica, por lo que, para evaluar el crecimiento intrauterino, resulta fundamental incluir la EG y el contexto donde transcurre la gestación.

Introduction. Size at birth is subject to genetic and environmental influences; altitude is highly influential. Birth weight (BW) is the most widely used indicator to assess size at birth; different standards and references are available. Due to the variability in BW distribution in relation to altitude in the province of Jujuy (Argentina), the purpose of this study is to analyze the percentile distribution of BW in the highlands (HL) and the lowlands (LL) of Jujuy based on gestational age (GA) and sex and compare it with a national reference and the INTERGROWTH-21 st (IG-21) international standard. Population and methods. The records of 78 524 live births in Jujuy in the 2009­2014 period were analyzed. Using the LMS method, the 3 rd, 10 th, 50 th, 90 th, and 97 th percentiles of BW/GA by sex were estimated for the HL (≥ 2000 MASL), the LL (< 2000 MASL), and the total for Jujuy, and compared with the Argentine population reference by Urquía and the IG-21 standard using growth charts. The statistical significance was established using the Wilcoxon test. Results. BW in Jujuy showed a heterogeneous distribution, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the LL and the HL. When compared with the national reference and the IG-21 standard, differences in terms of altitude were observed, mainly in the 90 th and 97 th percentiles for both regions and the 3 rd and 10 th percentiles in the HL compared with the international standard. Conclusions. BW distribution varied in association with altitude; therefore, to assess intrauterine growth, it is critical to include GA and the environment in which the pregnancy takes place.

Comparison of nutritional status and growth curves of children and adolescents in the city of Goiânia, Goiás: cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Nutritional status and growth curves can affect cognitive development, increase the risk of infection, and contribute to the development of chronic diseases. Its etiology is related to food, socioeconomic, and maternal conditions. However, to date, no data on these parameters exist in the state of Goiás, Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To compare the nutritional status and growth curves of children and adolescents in the city of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 529 individuals were recruited from a primary health center in the municipality. METHODS: To assess nutritional status, the sample was divided into three categories: 3-4, 5-10, and 11-19 years, with z-score classification considering body mass index for age. The classification of growth curves was performed considering the median height values for age, assuming two references: (a) young Brazilian population and (b) one recommended for international use. The independent sample T-test was used to compare anthropometric variables. RESULTS: The results showed that the classification of eutrophics represents a predominant percentage between both sexes (men: 03-04 = 55.4%; 05-10 = 57.6%; 11-19 = 53.5 % and women: 03-04 = 53.5%; 05-10 = 63.9%; 11-19 = 56.9%), and growth curves showed differences in specific periods in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that children and adolescents from the city of Goiânia present as predominance the eutrophic nutritional status, followed by the risk of overweight, underweight, obesity, and malnutrition of both sexes.

Canalización del crecimiento entre los 2 y los 5 años en niños aparentemente sanos con talla baja a los 2 años / Canalization of growth between 2 and 5 years of age in apparently healthy children with short stature at age 2 years

Introducción. El tamaño del recién nacido se asocia a condiciones intrauterinas. El potencial genético se expresa más tarde; la canalización del crecimiento se describe clásicamente hasta los 24 meses. Objetivo. Describir la canalización del crecimiento entre los 2 y los 5 años en niños aparentemente sanos con talla baja a los 2 años. Población y métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron niños seguidos en un hospital universitario de comunidad entre 2003 y 2019, con puntaje Z de talla menor a -2 DE para edad y sexo a los 2 años. Se excluyeron los nacidos prematuros, con bajo peso y con enfermedades crónicas. Se evaluó la trayectoria de crecimiento. Se definió canalización como la adquisición de talla normal para la población general. Resultados. Se incluyeron 64 niños, de los cuales 37 (58 %) presentaron canalización del crecimiento a los 5 años (20 a los 3 años, 8 a los 4 años, y 9 a los 5 años). La velocidad de crecimiento a los 3 y a los 5 años fue significativamente mayor en los que canalizaron en comparación con los que no lo hicieron; hubo una tendencia similar a los 4 años. De los 27 niños con talla baja a los 5 años, 25 tuvieron al menos un registro de velocidad de crecimiento anual menor al percentil 25. Conclusiones. La mayoría de los niños aparentemente sanos con baja talla a los 2 años alcanzan una talla normal a los 5 años. La velocidad de crecimiento anual permite detectar a los niños con riesgo de no canalizar.

Introduction. Newborn size is associated with intrauterine conditions. Genetic potential is expressed later; the canalization of growth is typically described up to 24 months of age. Objective. To describe the canalization of growth between 2 and 5 years of age in apparently healthy children with short stature at age 2 years. Population and methods. Retrospective, cohort study. Children seen at a community teaching hospital between 2003 and 2019, who had a Z-score for height below -2 SDs for age and sex at age 2 years were included. Infants born preterm, with a low birth weight, and chronic conditions were excluded. Growth patterns were assessed. Canalization was defined as reaching a normal stature for the general population. Results. Sixty-four children were included; 37 (58%) showed canalization of growth at 5 years old (20 at 3 years, 8 at 4 years, and 9 at 5 years). The growth rate at 3 and 5 years of age was significantly higher among those who showed canalization compared to those who did not; a similar trend was observed at 4 years of age. Among 27 children with short stature at 5 years of age, 25 had at least 1 annual growth velocity below the 25th centile. Conclusions. Most apparently healthy children with short stature at 2 years old reached a normal stature at 5 years old. The annual growth velocity allows to detect children at risk of not showing canalization.

Comparison between the World Health Organization and Bahraini children growth standards / Comparação entre as curvas de crescimento para crianças do Bahrein e da Organização Mundial da Saúde

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the growth patterns of Bahraini female and male infants/young children aged 0-24 months in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Methods: A cross-sectional approach was employed to track the growth parameters among healthy Bahraini female and male infants/children aged 0-24 months. A multistage probability sampling criteria was used to collect information from official records. Anthropometric measurements (weight and length) and demographic characteristics on feeding practices were gathered. Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS)/Lambda-Mu-Sigma methodology was implemented to select distribution type, optimize smoothing parameters, perform regression of growth models, and construct percentiles and Z-score charts and tables for weight for age, length for age, length for weight, and body mass index (BMI) for age. Results: Findings were compared with WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) data. A total of 403 healthy infants/children (210 males and 193 females) were recruited. At birth, the mean weight, length, and BMI were 3.2±0.4 kg, 3.1±0.4 kg, 49.7±2.3 cm, 48.8±2.1 cm, 13.2±1.6 kg/m2, and 12.8±1.5 kg/m2 for males and females, respectively. Anthropometrics of males were all statistically significantly higher than those of females at all age levels. The length and weight of the Bahraini infants/children were slightly higher than those of the WHO-MGRS. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study, presented as charts and tables, showed significant differences in comparison with the WHO-MGRS reference charts. Specifically, Bahraini children aged between 0 and 24 months of both sexes were taller and heavier than their cohorts in the MGRS reference charts. Further longitudinal studies are needed for monitoring the growth pattern of children using body composition methods, adiposity markers, and determinant factors of growth to investigate this deviation from the WHO-MGRS.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os padrões de crescimento de lactentes de 0-24 meses dos sexos feminino e masculino, no Reino do Bahrein. Métodos: Estudo transversal de acompanhamento de lactentes saudáveis com 0-24 meses de idade dos sexos feminino e masculino, em Bahrein. A amostragem probabilística de estágios múltiplos foi utilizada para coletar informações dos registros oficiais. Medidas antropométricas (peso, comprimento), práticas alimentares e variáveis demográficas foram coletadas. A metodologia Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS)/Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) foi utilizada para selecionar o tipo de distribuição dos parâmetros antropométricos, otimizar os parâmetros de suavização, para fazer a análise de regressão de modelos de crescimento e para construir percentis e gráficos e tabelas de escore Z para peso para idade, comprimento por idade, comprimento por peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC) para idade. Os resultados foram comparados com os dados do Estudo Multicêntrico de Referência de Crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Resultados: O total de 403 lactentes (210 do sexo masculino e 193 do feminino) foi incluído no estudo. Ao nascimento, a média de peso, comprimento e IMC foi de 3,2±0,4 kg, 3,1±0,4 kg, 49,7±2,3 cm, 48,8±2,1 cm, 13,2±1,6 kg/m2 e 12,8±1,5 kg/m2 para o sexo masculino e para o feminino, respectivamente. Todos os índices antropométricos foram maiores no sexo masculino. O comprimento e o peso dos lactentes em Bahrein foram ligeiramente superiores aos da OMS. Conclusões: Os lactentes do Bahrein com idade entre 0 e 24 meses de ambos os sexos eram mais altos e mais pesados do que os lactentes analisados na coorte da OMS. Mais estudos longitudinais são necessários para monitorar o padrão de crescimento de crianças usando métodos de composição corporal, marcadores de adiposidade e fatores determinantes do crescimento para investigar esse desvio dos padrões da OMS.

Comparison of intergrowth-21st and Fenton curves for evaluation of premature newborns / Comparação das curvas de intergrowth-21st e de Fenton para avaliação de recém-nascidos prematuros

Abstract Objectives: to compare the intrauterine and postnatal growth of preterm infants according to the Intergrowth-21st and Fenton curves. Methods: study carried out in a maternity hospital, reference in high-risk pregnancy, with preterm infants born in 2018 who were hospitalized in the neonatal units of the institution. Preterm newborns weighed at least twice after birth were included in the sample and those that were syndromic, malformed or presented fluid retention were excluded. Proportions and means were compared using Pearson's chi-square and Student's t tests for paired samples, respectively. The McNemar test was used to compare categorical variables and the Kappa test to verify the degree of agreement between birth weight classifications obtained by the curves. Results: one hundred and fifty three infants with a median gestational age of 34.4 weeks were included. The incidences of the categories of nutritional status at birth did not differ between the curves. There was perfect agreement between the curves, except when newborns born under 33 weeks of gestational age were evaluated, in which case the agreement was substantial. About 21% of the babies classified as small for gestational age (SGA) by Intergrowth-21st were adequate for gestational age (AGA) according to Fenton and, on average, 20% of cases that had postnatal growth restriction (PNGR) according to Fenton standards were categorized as adequate weight by Intergrowth-21st. Postnatal weight classifications obtained by the evaluated curves had perfect agreement. Conclusions: the differences in theclassifications found between the charts reveal the importance of choosing the growth curve for monitoring preterm infants since behaviors based on their diagnoses can impact the life of this population.

Resumo Objetivos: comparar o crescimento intrauterino e pós-natal de prematuros segundo as curvas de Intergrowth-21st e Fenton. Métodos: estudo realizado em uma maternidade de referência em gestação de alto risco com prematuros nascidos em 2018 que ficaram internados nas unidades neonatais da instituição. Foram incluídos os pré-termos pesados em pelo menos dois momentos após o nascimento e excluídos aqueles sindrômicos, malformados ou com retenção hídrica. As proporções e médias foram comparadas a partir dos testes qui-quadrado de Pearson e t de student para amostras emparelhadas, respectivamente. Já o teste de McNemar foi utilizado para comparar as variáveis categóricas e teste Kappa para verificar o grau de concordância entre as classificações de peso ao nascer obtidos pelas curvas. Resultados: foram incluídos 153 lactentes com idade gestacional mediana de 34,4 semanas. As incidências das categorias de estado nutricional ao nascer não diferiram entre as curvas. Houve concordância perfeita entre as mesmas, exceto quando se avaliou os nascidos com menos de 33 semanas, onde a concordância foi substancial. Cerca de 21% dos bebês classificados como pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG) por Intergrowth-21st foram adequados para idade gestacional (AIG) segundo Fenton e, em média, 20% dos casos que tiveram restrição de crescimento pós-natal (RCPN) de acordo aos padrões de Fenton foram categorizados com peso adequado por Intergrowth-21st. As classificações de peso pós-natal obtidas pelas curvas avaliadas tiveram concordância perfeita. Conclusões: as diferenças de classificação encontradas revelam a importância da escolha da curva de crescimento para monitorização de prematuros visto que, condutas baseadas em seus diagnósticos, podem impactar na vida dessa população.

Predictive Performance Of Different Diagnostic Criteria For Overweight And Obesity Between 2008-2015 In Adolescents

Background: The reference cut-offs for overweight and obesity have evolved from the use of International obesity task force (IOTF) to extended IOTF and revised Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) growth charts. Methods: Secondary analysis of anthropometric data of school-going children from Delhi in the year 2008, 2013 and 2015 was performed. The proportions of children with overweight, obesity, and undernutrition were checked for agreement using different diagnostic cutoffs, and compared at three-time points. Results: Among 8417 adolescents, weighted Kappa statistics showed good agreement between extended IOTF and IAP cutoffs (k=0.933; 95% CI 0.93-0.94), between eIOTF and IOTF (k=0.624; 95% CI 0.619 - 0.629) and between IAP and IOTF (k=0.654; 95% CI 0.645-0.662). A higher proportion of adolescents were diagnosed with obesity with extended IOTF and IAP charts than IOTF charts (P<0.001 for both genders). The mean (SD) BMI showed a rising trend for adolescents overall from 19.61 (3.89) kg/m2 in 2008, 20.44 (4.37) kg/m2 in 2013 and 20.88 (4.60) kg/m2 in 2015 (P<0.001). 158 adolescent (97 girls) were undernourished using combined IAP and extended IOTF criteria. Conclusion: Both extended IOTF and IAP charts showed good agreement for diagnosing overweight and obesity in adolescents. A secular trend in malnutrition was observed in adolescent girls.

Progress on extrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants / 国际儿科学杂志

Extrauterine growth restriction(EUGR), caused by perinatal diseases, neonatal morbidities and inadequate nutrition, refers to preterm growth failure in which an anthropometric measure is below the target according to growth charts at a certain point of time after birth.EUGR is prevalent among very preterm and very low birth weight infants, potentially causing the impairment on physical growth, neurodevelopment and cardiometabolic system.Nowadays, many researchers challenge the definition of EUGR and raise arguments about the optimal growth pattern, the growth assessment tools and nutrition strategies of preterm newborns.This article reviews the research progress on extrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants.

Agreement analysis between sonographic estimates and birth weight, by the WHO and intergrowth-21st tables, in newborns of diabetic mothers / Análise de concordância entre estimativas ultrassonográficas e peso ao nascer, pelas tabelas da OMS e Intergrowth-21st, em recém-nascidos de mães diabéticas

Abstract Objective To analyze the agreement, in relation to the 90th percentile, of ultrasound measurements of abdominal circumference (AC) and estimated fetal weight (EFW), between the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (intergrowth-21st) tables, as well as regarding birth weight in fetuses/newborns of diabetic mothers. Methods Retrospective study with data from medical records of 171 diabetic pregnant women, single pregnancies, followed between January 2017 and June 2018. Abdominal circumference and EFW data at admission (from 22 weeks) and predelivery (up to 3 weeks) were analyzed. These measures were classified in relation to the 90th percentile. The Kappa coefficient was used to analyze the agreement of these ultrasound variables between the WHO and intergrowth-21st tables, as well as, by reference table, these measurements and birth weight. Results The WHO study reported 21.6% large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns while the intergrowth-21st reported 32.2%. Both tables had strong concordances in the assessment of initial AC, final AC, and initial EFW (Kappa = 0.66, 0.72 and 0.63, respectively) and almost perfect concordance in relation to final EFW (Kappa = 0.91). Regarding birth weight, the best concordances were found for initial AC (WHO: Kappa = 0.35; intergrowth-21st: Kappa= 0.42) and with the final EFW (WHO: Kappa = 0.33; intergrowth- 21st: Kappa = 0.35). Conclusion The initial AC and final EFW were the parameters of best agreement regarding birth weight classification. The WHO and intergrowth-21st tables showed high agreement in the classification of ultrasound measurements in relation to the 90th

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a concordância, em relação ao percentil 90, das medidas ultrassonográficas da circunferência abdominal (CA) e peso fetal estimado (PFE), entre as tabelas da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) e do International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century integrowth-21st, bem como em relação ao peso ao nascer em fetos/recém-nascidos de mães diabéticas. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com dados de prontuários de 171 gestantes diabéticas, com gestações únicas, seguidas entre Janeiro de 2017 e Junho de 2018. Foram analisados dados da CA e do PFE na admissão (a partir de 22 semanas) e no pré-parto (até 3 semanas). Essas medidas foram classificadas em relação ao percentil 90. O coeficiente Kappa foi utilizado para analisar a concordância entre as tabelas da OMS e Intergrowth-21st, assim como, por tabela de referência, entre as medidas e o peso ao nascer. Resultados O estudo da OMS relatou 21,6% dos recém nascidos grandes para a idade gestacional (GIG) enquanto que o estudo do intergrowth-21st relatou 32,2%. Ambas as tabelas tiveram fortes concordâncias na avaliação da CA inicial e final e PFE inicial (Kappa= 0,66, 0,72 e 0,63, respectivamente) e concordância quase perfeita em relação ao PFE final (Kappa= 0,91).Emrelação ao peso ao nascer, asmelhores concordâncias foram encontradas para aCAinicial (OMS: Kappa= 0,35; intergrowth-21st: Kappa= 0,42) e como PFE final (OMS: Kappa = 0,33; intergrowth-21st: Kappa= 0,35). Conclusão A CA inicial e o PFE final foram os parâmetros de melhor concordância em relação à classificação do peso ao nascer. As tabelas da OMS e intergrowth-21st mostraram alta concordância na classificação das medidas ultrassonográficas em relação ao percentil 90. Estudos são necessários para confirmar se alguma dessas tabelas é superior na previsão de resultados negativos a curto e longo prazo no grupo GIG.

Progresión de talla y peso en niños y niñas entre 6 y 12 años y su diferencia con las tablas de Ramos Galván 40 años después / Height and weight progression patterns in Mexican children aged between 6 and 12 years and differences with Ramos-Galvan growth charts 40 years later

Resumen Introducción: El peso y la talla de niños y adolescentes son un reflejo del estado de salud y desarrollo socioeconómico de la población. Objetivo: Evaluar las progresiones de talla y peso de niños y niñas mexicanos y compararlas con las tablas del doctor Ramos Galván a 40 años de distancia. Método: Encuesta transversal realizada en población del Programa Nacional de Activación Física Ponte al 100, que incluye niños y niñas de seis a 12 años. Resultados: Se evaluaron 43 670 niños y 44 103 niñas, que se estratificaron por sexo y edad. La progresión de talla entre los seis y 12 años fue de 21 cm en hombres y de 22 cm en mujeres; la progresión de peso fue de 9.86 y 10.05 kg, respectivamente para hombres y mujeres. La proporción de niños de seis y 12 años con sobrepeso fue de 11.2 y 9 % y con obesidad, de 14.7 y 15 %. La proporción de niñas de seis y 12 años con sobrepeso fue de 8.2 y 9.1 % y con obesidad, de 21.7 y 13.3 %, respectivamente. Al comparar los valores obtenidos con los de las tablas del doctor Ramos Galván para niños y niñas, el promedio de diferencia fue de 2 cm. Conclusiones: No se documentó un incremento secular de la talla ni del peso en los últimos 40 años.

Abstract Introduction: Children and adolescents weight and height are a reflection of the health status and socioeconomic development of a population. Objective: To evaluate height and weight progression patterns of Mexican children and compare them with Dr. Ramos-Galván growth charts 40 years later. Method: Cross-sectional survey conducted on the population of the National Physical Activation Program Ponte al 100, which includes boys and girls aged 6-12 years. Results: 43,670 boys and 44,103 girls were assessed, stratified by gender and age. The height progression pattern between six and 12 years was 21 cm in males and 22 cm in females, whereas the weight progression pattern was 9.86 and 10.05 kg, respectively, for males and females. The proportion of 6- and 12-year-old boys who were overweight was 11.2 and 9%, while 14.7 and 15% were obese. The proportion of 6- and 12-year-old girls who were overweight was 8.2 and 9.1%, whereas 21.7 and 13.3%, respectively, were obese. When the obtained values were compared with those of Dr. Ramos Galván growth charts for boys and girls, the average difference was 2 cm. Conclusions: No secular height or weight increase within the last 40 years was documented.

Local references for ultrasound-estimated fetal weight based on 2, 211 singleton pregnancies in the City of Curitiba, south of Brazil / Referências locais para o peso fetal estimado por ultrassom baseado em 2. 211 gestações únicas na cidade de Curitiba, Sul do Brasil

Abstract Objective To develop reference curves of estimated fetal weight for a local population in Curitiba, South of Brazil, and compare them with the curves established for other populations. Methods An observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted. A reference model for estimated fetal weight was developed using a local sample of 2,211 singleton pregnancies with low risk of growth disorders and well-defined gestational age. This model was compared graphically with the Hadlock and Intergrowth 21st curves. Results Reference curves for estimated fetal weight were developed for a local population. The coefficient of determination was R2 = 99.11%, indicating that 99.11% of the fetal weight variations were explained by the model. Compared with Hadlock curves, the 50th, 90th, and 97th percentiles in this model were lower, whereas the 10th percentile nearly overlapped, and the 3rd percentile was slightly higher in the proposed model. The percentiles were higher in the proposed model compared with the Intergrowth 21st curves, particularly for the 3rd, 10th, and 50th percentiles. Conclusion We provide a local reference curve for estimated fetal weight. The proposed model was different from other models, and these differences might be due to the use of different populations for model construction.

Resumo Objetivo Desenvolver curvas de referência para o peso fetal estimado em uma população de Curitiba, Sul do Brasil, e compará-las com curvas estabelecidas para outras populações. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal e retrospectivo. Um modelo de referência para o peso fetal estimado foi desenvolvido usando uma amostra local de 2.211 gestações únicas de baixo risco de distúrbios do crescimento e idade gestacional bem definida. Este modelo foi comparado graficamente com as curvas de Hadlock e Intergrowth 21st. Resultados As curvas de referência para o peso fetal estimado foram desenvolvidas para uma população local. O coeficiente de determinação foi de R2 = 99,11%, indicando que 99,11% das variações do peso fetal foram explicadas pelo modelo. Em comparação com as curvas de Hadlock, os percentis 50, 90, e 97 neste modelo foram inferiores, enquanto o percentil 10 quase se sobrepôs, e o percentil 3 foi ligeiramente superior no modelo proposto. Os percentis foram maiores no modelo proposto em comparação com as curvas do Intergrowth 21st, particularmente para os percentis 3, 10, e 50. Conclusão Fornecemos uma curva de referência local para o peso fetal estimado. O modelo proposto foi diferente de outros modelos, e essas diferenças podem ser devido ao uso de diferentes populações para a construção do modelo.

Referencias de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal para niñas y niños ecuatorianos de 5 a 19 años de edad / Growth references for weight, height, and body mass index for Ecuadorian children and adolescents aged 5-19 years

Introducción. La evaluación del crecimiento durante la infancia y la adolescencia es un componente fundamental de la atención de salud en todos sus niveles, pues es parte del diagnóstico nutricional y permite la detección oportuna de patologías relacionadas. Ecuador, al no disponer de referencias nacionales de crecimiento, ha adoptado los estándares internacionales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue construir referencias nacionales de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal para niños, niñas y adolescentes.Métodos. Se investigaron escolares y adolescentes ecuatorianos entre 5 y 19 años de edad durante 1999 y 2012. Los centilos 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 y 97 de peso, talla e índice de masa corporal fueron estimados por el método LMS para datos transversales, que utiliza la transformación Box-Cox para normalizar la distribución de los datos a cada edad.Resultados. Participaron 5934 sujetos sanos (2788 niños y 3146 niñas). Los niños pesaban más y eran más altos que las niñas. En todos los casos, los valores mostraron un aumento creciente conforme la edad avanzaba. A los 18 años, las diferencias entre sexos promediaron 8 kg y 12,5 cm.Conclusión. Las tablas y curvas producto de este estudio constituyen la primera referencia descriptiva del crecimiento de niños ecuatorianos de 5-19 años. Son un importante instrumento de evaluación nutricional. Su implementación en la atención primaria de salud permitirá complementar el diagnóstico nutricional que, tradicionalmente, se realiza sobre la base de los estándares internacionales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

Introduction. The assessment of growth during childhood and adolescence is a critical component of health care at all levels, but it is also part of nutritional status diagnosis and the timely detection of related conditions. Ecuador lacks national growth references, so it has decided to adopt the international standards proposed by the World Health Organization. The objective of this study was to develop national references for weight, height, and body mass index for children and adolescents.Methods. Ecuadorian schoolchildren and adolescents aged 5-19 years were studied between 1999 and 2012. The LMS method for cross-sectional data, which uses the Box-Cox transformation to normalize data distribution at each age, was applied to estimate the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th centiles for weight, height, and body mass index.Results. A total of 5934 healthy subjects (2788 boys and 3146 girls) participated. Boys were heavier and taller than girls. In all cases, values increased with age. At 18 years old, the differences between sexes averaged 8 kg and 12.5 cm.Conclusion. The tables and curves obtained with this study are the first descriptive growth references for Ecuadorian children and adolescents aged 5-19 years. They are relevant for nutritional assessment. Their use at the primary level of care will aid in nutritional status diagnosis, which has traditionally been done based on the World Health Organization's international standards.

Impact of Using Different Growth References on Interpretation of Anthropometric Parameters of Children Aged 8-15 Years

Objective: To compare the effect of the application of threegrowth references (Agarwal, 1992; Indian Academy ofPaediatrics (IAP), 2015; and World Health Organisation (WHO),2007) on interpretation of anthropometric parameters inschoolchildren.Setting: Cross-sectional school-based study.Participants: Children 8-15 years studying in one governmentschool and one private school of Delhi.Procedure: The age- and gender-specific standard deviationscores of height-for-age and BMI-for-age were estimated foreach student enrolled, using the three growth referencesindependently.Main outcome measure: The proportion of children withshort stature, thinness and overweight/ obesity determined byeach growth reference were compared.Results: A total of 1237 students participated in the study. Asignificantly higher proportion of children (both sexes) wereclassified to have short stature using WHO 2007 reference(8.8%) as compared to the Agarwal (3.3%) charts and IAP, 2015references (3.6%). The combined prevalence of overweight andobesity was highest (34.8%) by the IAP, 2015 reference asagainst 32% by Agarwal charts and 29.1% by WHO, 2007reference. Good agreement existed between the IAP, 2015reference and Agarwal charts in classifying subjects intodifferent BMI categories (Kappa=0.82) and short stature(Kappa=0.99).Conclusions: In view of differences noted, use of nationalpopulation derived reference data is suggested to correctlydefine growth trajectories in children.

Anthropometry Measurements to Determine Nutritional Status Among Cerebral Palsy Children: A Scoping Review

@#This article aimed to review the available anthropometry measurements used in the assessment of nutritional status among Cerebral Palsy (CP) children. Searched journals were from Medline, PubMed and Ovid published from 2015 to 2018. The search identified 443 articles, and eight studies met the criteria. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, recumbent length, knee height, tibia length, Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), Bioelectrical impedance (BIA), Mid arm circumference (MUAC) subscapular skinfold (SFT), Triceps skinfold (TSF) and prediction equations. Body fat composition can be obtained by DXA, BIA, skinfold measurement, and also prediction equation. The predictive equation is the most reported method to determine nutritional status among CP. This review found that TSF and SFT are more accurate to determine body fat percentage when using together with the predictive equation. Besides, predictive equations using segmental length are reliable in estimating the height and can be used to evaluate the nutritional status using the specific CP growth chart.

Comparison of adequacy of birth weight for gestational age according to different intrauterine growth curves / Comparação da adequação do peso ao nascer para idade gestacional segundo diferentes curvas de crescimento intrauterino

Abstract Objectives: to compare the assessment of the adequacy of birth weight for gestational age according to different intrauterine growth curves. Methods: across-sectional study, which analyzed gestational and neonatal information from 344 mother-newborn binomials. Birth weight data were analyzed using the International Fetal and New Born Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st) and compared with the growth curves proposed by Alexander et al. and Fenton & Kim. Newborns were classified as small for gestational age (SGA), suitablefor gestational age (SUGA) or large for gestational age (LGA). Results: among the newborns, 51.2% were male, and 93.0% were born at term. Higher prevalence of SUGA and LGA and lower SGA was found by the INTERGROWTH-21st curves when compared to the references of Fenton & Kim and Alexander et al. Moderate agreement was observed in detecting birth weight by different growth curves. Conclusions: there was a lower detection of SGA infants and a higher screening, especially of LGA infants, in the INTERGROWTH-21st evaluation, when compared to the growth curves of Fenton & Kim and Alexander et al.

Resumo Objetivos: comparar a avaliação da adequação do peso ao nascer para idade gestacional segundo diferentes curvas de crescimento intrauterino. Métodos: estudo transversal, onde foram analisadas informações gestacionais e neonatais de 344 binômios mães-recém-nascidos. Os dados de peso ao nascer foram analisados utilizando-se a International Fetal and New Born Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st) e comparados com as curvas de crescimento propostas por Alexander et al. e Fenton & Kim. Os recém-nascidos foram classificados em pequenos para idade gestacional (PIG), adequados para idade gestacional (AIG) ou grandes para idade gestacional (GIG). Resultados: dentre os recém-nascidos, 51,2% eram do sexo masculino, sendo que 93,0% nasceram a termo. Maior prevalência de AIG e GIG e menor de PIG foi constatada pelas curvas INTERGROWTH-21st, quando comparadas às referências de Fenton & Kim e Alexander et al. Foi observada concordância moderada na detecção do peso ao nascer pelas diferentes curvas de crescimento. Conclusões: verificou-se menor detecção de recém-nascidos PIG e maior rastreio, principalmente, de recém-nascidos GIG na avaliação pela INTERGROWTH-21st, quando comparada às curvas de crescimento de Fenton & Kim e Alexander et al.

Crecimiento físico en jóvenes futbolistas chilenos: propuesta de percentiles por edad cronológica y biológica / Physical growth in young Chilean football players: Proposal of percentiles based on chronological and biological age

Objetivos. a) Comparar el crecimiento físico con la referencia americana de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) 2012; b) analizar el crecimiento físico por edad cronológica y biológica; c) proponer curvas de crecimiento físico por edad cronológica y biológica. Metodología. Se efectuó una investigación descriptiva (transversal) en jóvenes futbolistas de Chile sobre peso, estatura de pie y estatura sentada. Se compararon con las referencias del CDC-2012. Se desarrollaron percentiles por medio del método LMS. Resultados. Se estudió a 642 jóvenes futbolistas chilenos de 13,0-18,9 años. Su peso corporal fue inferior al CDC desde los 13,0 hasta los 18,9 años (p < 0,05), mientras que, en la estatura, no hubo diferencias significativas a edades iniciales (13,013,9 y 14,0-14,9 años). Las diferencias empezaron a aparecer desde los 15,0 hasta los 18,9 años (p < 0,05). Por edad cronológica, el peso explicó 31%; la estatura de pie, 16% y estatura sentada, 0,09%, mientras que, por edad biológica, el peso explicó 51%; la estatura de pie, 40% y estatura sentada, 54%. Se desarrollaron percentiles por edad cronológica y biológica. Conclusión. Estos jóvenes difieren en sus patrones de crecimiento físico en relación con el CDC-2012. Su evaluación refleja mejores porcentajes de explicación por edad biológica que por edad cronológica. Los percentiles propuestos pueden ser una alternativa para seguir la trayectoria de crecimiento físico de jóvenes futbolistas en contextos deportivos a corto, mediano y largo plazo.

Objectives. a) To compare physical growth to the 2012 American standard from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); b) to analyze physical growth by chronological and biological age; c) to propose physical growth charts based on chronological and biological age. Methodology. A descriptive (cross-sectional) study was conducted in young Chilean football players based on weight, standing height, and sitting height. These were compared to the CDC-2012 standard. Percentiles were developed using the LMS method. Results. A total of 642 young Chilean football players aged 13.0-18.9 years were studied. Their body weight was lower than that of the CDC standard from 13.0 to 18.9 years old (p < 0.05), whereas their height showed no significant differences in the initial age categories (13.013.9 and 14.0-14.9 years). Differences started to be observed as of 15.0 years old up to 18.9 years old (p < 0.05). In relation to chronological age, weight explained 31%; standing height, 16%; and sitting height, 0.09%, whereas in relation to biological age, weight explained 51%; standing height, 40%; and sitting height, 54%. Percentiles were developed based on chronological and biological age. Conclusion. These youth showed different physical growth patterns compared to the CDC-2012 standard. Their assessment reflects better explanatory percentages for biological age than for chronological age. The proposed percentiles may be an alternative to keep track of the physical growth patterns of young football players in sports settings in the short, medium, and long term.

The 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents: development, improvement, and prospects / 소아과

Growth charts are curves or tables that facilitate the visualization of anthropometric parameters, and are widely used as an important indicator when evaluating the growth status of children and adolescents. The latest version of the Korean National Growth Charts released in 2007 has raised concerns regarding the inclusion of data from both breastfed and formula-fed infants, higher body mass index (BMI) values in boys, and smaller 3rd percentile values in height-for-age charts. Thus, new growth charts have been developed to improve the previous version. The 2006 World Health Organization Child Growth Standards, regarded as the standard for breastfed infants and children, were introduced for children aged 0–35 months. For children and adolescents aged 3–18 years, these new growth charts include height-for-age, weight-for-age, BMI-for-age, weight-for-height, and head circumference-for-age charts, and were developed using data obtained in 1997 and 2005. Data sets and exclusion criteria were applied differently for the development of the different growth charts. BMI-for-age charts were adjusted to decrease the 95th percentile values of BMI. Criteria for obesity were simplified and defined as a BMI of ≥95th percentile for age and sex. The 3rd percentile values for height-for-age charts were also increased. Additional percentile lines (1st and 99th) and growth charts with standard deviation lines were introduced. 2017 Korean National Growth Charts are recommended for the evaluation of body size and growth of Korean children and adolescents for use in clinics and the public health sector in Korea.

Prevalencias de bajo peso y pequeño para la edad gestacional en Argentina: comparación entre el estándar INTERGROWTH-21st y una referencia argentina / Prevalence of low weight and small for gestational age in Argentina: Comparison between the INTERGROWTH-21st standard and an Argentine reference

Introducción. Bajo peso al nacer (< 2500 g) incluye recién nacidos pretérmino y a término pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) (< P10). La Organización Mundial de la Salud define bajo peso (BP) como peso al nacer < P3 peso/edad. Internacionalmente, no existe consenso sobre estándares y/o referencias de peso al nacer por edad gestacional (EG) para evaluar PEG y BP en pretérminos. Se determinó la prevalencia de BP y PEG con el estándar INTERGROWTH-21st y la referencia poblacional argentina de Urquía, y se analizó la concordancia de las prevalencias entre ambas herramientas. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico y retrospectivo realizado sobre los nacimientos registrados en 2013 en el Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Los criterios de exclusión fueron EG < 24+0 -> 42+6 semanas, embarazo gemelar y ausencia de datos de peso, EG y sexo. Se calcularon las prevalencias por sexo, regiones y categorías de prematurez de BP y PEG con el estándar y la referencia. La concordancia se evaluó con Kappa. Resultados. Las prevalencias de BP y PEG fueron más altas con el estándar en pretérmino; lo contrario se observó en recién nacidos a término. La significación estadística varió según categorías de EG, sexo y regiones. Las prevalencias más altas se presentaron en regiones del norte argentino y las concordancias entre prevalencias oscilaron entre débiles y muy buenas. Conclusiones. Las concordancias de prevalencias de BP y PEG obtenidas con el estándar y la referencia en pretérmino y a término fueron moderadas, y se observó variabilidad interregional. Los resultados plantean nuevas perspectivas auxológicas en la evaluación epidemiológica del retardo del crecimiento intrauterino en Argentina.

Introduction. The term "low birth weight" (< 2500 g) encompasses preterm newborns and term newborns small for gestational age (SGA) (< P10). The World Health Organization defines low weight (LW) as a birth weight < P3 of weight/age. There is no consensus at an international level about which standards and/or references related to birth weight for gestational age (GA) should be used to assess SGA and LW among preterm newborns. LW and SGA prevalence was determined using the INTERGROWTH-21st standard and Urquia's reference for the Argentine population, and agreement between the prevalence observed with both tools was analyzed. Population and methods. Observational, analytical, and retrospective study based on all births occurred in 2013 as reported by the Argentine National Ministry of Health. Exclusion criteria were GA < 24+0 - > 42+6 weeks, twin pregnancy, and missing data on weight, GA, and sex. Prevalence was estimated by sex, region, and prematurity category for LW and SGA according to the standard and the reference. Agreement was assessed using the Kappa index. Results. The prevalence of LW and SGA was higher according to the standard among preterm newborns; the contrary was observed among full-term newborns. Statistical significance varied based on GA category, sex, and region. A higher prevalence was observed in the northern regions of Argentina, and agreement among prevalence values ranged from weak to very good. Conclusions. Prevalence agreement of LW and SGA observed according to the standard and the reference among preterm and full-term newborn infants was moderate, with interregional variability. Results propose new auxological perspectives in the epidemiological assessment of intrauterine growth restriction in Argentina.

Body mass index reference charts for individuals with Down syndrome aged 2-18 years / Gráfico de referência do Índice de Massa Corporal para os indivíduos com síndrome de Down entre 2 e 18 anos de idade

Abstract: Objective: To develop Brazilian growth charts for body mass index (BMI-for-age) for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The secondary objective was to compare the BMI-for-age with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standards (CDC). Methods: A retrospective and cross-sectional growth study of 706 youth with DS (56.7% males) was performed in 51 centers in São Paulo state, Brazil. Weight and height were used to calculate the BMI (kg/m2). The LMS method was applied to construct the growth charts. Z-scores were based on the CDC 2000 growth standards. Results: The BMI-for-age reference charts showed excellent goodness of fit statistics for boys and girls with DS aged 2-18 years. At 2 years of age, the mean BMI Z-scores of boys and girls with DS were lower compared to those of the CDC (Z-score = −0.2). In contrast, children with DS aged 3-18 years had higher mean Z-scores for BMI-for-age when compared to those of the CDC (Z-scores = +0.2 to +1.3). Conclusions: The BMI of Brazilian youth with DS differs from those references established by CDC. These are the first Brazilian BMI-for-age charts for individuals with DS and will hopefully guide clinicians and parents in the evaluation and management of the nutritional status in children and adolescents with DS in Brazil.

Resumo: Objetivo: Desenvolver curvas específicas de índice de massa corporal (IMC-para-idade) para população brasileira com síndrome de Down (SD). O objetivo secundário foi comparar os valores de IMC-para-idade com os valores normativos dos Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos Estados Unidos (CDC). Métodos: Estudo do tipo retrospectivo e transversal. A amostra foi constituída de 706 jovens com SD (56,7%, meninos) recrutados em 51 instituições no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Peso e estatura foram obtidos e empregados para o cálculo de IMC (Kg/m2). O método LMS foi usado para a construção das curvas. Escores Z foram calculados com base na referência do CDC 2000. Resultados: As curvas de referência de IMC-para-idade para meninos e meninas com SD na faixa entre 2-18 anos apresentaram excelente ajuste estatístico. Aos 2 anos, o escore Z médio IMC de crianças com SD apresentou-se menor quando comparado com o CDC (escore Z = -0,2). Em contraste, os escores Z médios de IMC de jovens com SD foram superiores entre 3-18 anos (escores Z = +0,2 a +1,3). Conclusões: A população brasileira com SD apresentou diferentes padrões de IMC quando comparada com as referências do CDC. As curvas desenvolvidas neste estudo representam a primeira referência nacional de IMC-para-idade para jovens com SD. Espera-se, portanto, que essas curvas possam guiar pais e profissionais na avaliação do estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes com SD no território brasileiro.

Morbimortalidad asociada al estado nutricional y vía de alimentación en niños con parálisis cerebral / Morbimortality associated to nutritional status and feeding path in children with cerebral palsy

Introducción: Los niños y adolescentes con Parálisis Cerebral (PC) tienen elevada prevalencia de desnutrición, asociada a peor pronóstico. Para la adecuada evaluación nutricional existen nuevas curvas de crecimiento (Brooks y Col) que han planteado puntos de corte del índice Peso/Edad asociados a mayor morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Evaluar si pacientes con PC, en dicha categoría de riesgo nutricional (RN), presentan mayor riesgo de hospitalización y muerte. Pacientes y Método: Estudio observacional y prospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes con PC, controlados en un centro ambulatorio de referencia. Se registró: datos demográficos, socioeconómicos, evaluación funcional motora y nutricional basal. En seguimiento durante un año se constataron hospitalizaciones y mortalidad. Investigación aprobada por la comisión de ética. Resultados: Se reclutaron 81 niños con PC, edad 131,6 ± 60,4 meses (25-313), 60% de sexo masculino, 77,5% no se movilizaba por sí mismo. Los 23 pacientes con RN (28,4%), presentaban menor masa muscular y masa grasa (p = 0,000). Durante el año de seguimiento, 29 pacientes requirieron hospitalización (35,8%) y 4 fallecieron (4,9%). El grupo con RN no tuvo mayor morbilidad ni mortalidad que los sin RN. Sin embargo, ambos riesgos fueron mayores en los pacientes gastrostomizados versus los alimentados por vía oral (RR: 2,98 IC 95%: 1.32-6.75 al combinar ambas variables). Conclusiones: En esta cohorte de niños y adolescentes con PC seguidos durante un año, aquellos definidos como de riesgo nutricional según nuevas curvas, tuvieron similar morbimortalidad a los que tenían estado nutricional aceptable. La morbimortalidad fue mayor en los gastrostomizados.

Introduction: Children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) have a high prevalence of malnutrition associated to poor prognosis. For an adequate nutritional assessment, new growth curves (Brooks, 2011) are available, in which precise cut-off points in Weight/Age index correlate to increased morbidity and mortality rate. Objective: To evaluate risk of hospitalization and death in patients with CP, according to nutritional risk (NR). Patients and Method: Observational and prospective cohort study of patients with CP in an outpatient referral center. We registered demographic, socioeconomic data and nutritional assessment. During a one-year follow-up, hospitalizations and mortality were recorded. The correspondent committee extended an ethical approval. Results: 81 CP patients were recruit, age 131.6 ± 60.4 months (25-313), 60 % male, 77.5 % without independent mobility. The 23 NR patients (28.4%) had lower muscle and fat mass (p = 0.000). During the follow-up, 29/81 patients required hospitalization (35.8%) and 4/81 died (4.9%). There was not an increased risk of hospitalization and/or mortality in NR group, but both were significantly higher in gastrostomy-fed children (RR: 2,98 CI 95%: 1.32-6.75 combining both variables). Conclusions: In this study, children and adolescents with severe CP and nutritional risk had similar morbidity and mortality during a one-year follow-up, compared to those with acceptable nutritional status. Both risks were higher in gastrostomy-fed than the orally fed children.

Development of disease-specific growth charts in Turner syndrome and Noonan syndrome

Many congenital diseases are associated with growth failure, and patients with these diseases have specific growth patterns. As the growth patterns of affected individuals differ from those of normal populations, it is challenging to detect additional conditions that can influence growth using standard growth charts. Disease-specific growth charts are thus very useful tools and can be helpful for understanding the growth pattern and pathogenesis of congenital diseases. In addition, disease-specific growth charts allow doctors to detect deviations from the usual growth patterns for early diagnosis of an additional condition and can be used to evaluate the effects of growth-promoting treatment for patients. When developing these charts, factors that can affect the reliability of the charts should be considered. These factors include the definition of the disease with growth failure, selection bias in the measurements used to develop the charts, secular trends of the subjects, the numbers of subjects of varying ages and ethnicities, and the statistical method used to develop the charts. In this review, we summarize the development of disease-specific growth charts for Japanese individuals with Turner syndrome and Noonan syndrome and evaluate the efforts to collect unbiased measurements of subjects with these diseases. These charts were the only available disease-specific growth charts of Turner syndrome and Noonan syndrome for Asian populations and were developed using a Japanese population. Therefore, when these charts are adopted for Asian populations other than Japanese, different growth patterns should be considered.